█ _ Marcus Kracht 2015 حصريا كتاب Introduction to Linguistics 2024 Linguistics: Linguistics Marcus Kracht Department of Linguistics, UCLA 3125 Campbell Hall 450 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90095–1543 Contents Lecture 1: 3 Lecture 2: Phonetics 12 Lecture 3: Phonology I 24 Lecture 4: II 41 Lecture 5: III 55 Lecture 6: IV 66 Lecture 7: Morphology 79 Lecture 8: Syntax 86 Lecture 9: 98 Lecture 10: 109 Lecture 11: 119 Lecture 12: V 134 Lecture 13: 144 Lecture 14: Semantics 154 Lecture 15: 160 Lecture 16: 168 Lecture 17: 177 Lecture 18: 186 Lecture 19: Language Families and History Languages 194 Lecture Introduction Languages are sets signs Signs combine an exponent (a sequence of letters or sounds) with a meaning Grammars ways generate signs from more basic form meaning, and they identical neither their nor Before we start have tried be as explicit could in preparing these notes You will find that some the technicalities demanding at first sight Do not panic! You not expected master right away The technical character is basically due my desire detailed as possible For you this might actually helpful If among them may want read other book on side (which encourage to do anyway) However, linguistics getting increasingly formal mathematical, and well advised get used style doing science So, if do not understand what am saying, simply go over it again again And keep asking questions! New words technical terms that for time typed bold face supposed to know mean, definition given The is valid throughout entire course, but aware fact people might define things differently This applies when books, example should beware possible discrepancies terminology given a elsewhere, cautious different it does not mean books wrong symbol اللغويات مجاناً PDF اونلاين هذا يحتوي يحتوى علي معلومات خاصة بعلم اللغويات هي علم يهتم بدراسة اللغات الإنسانية ودراسة خصائصها وتراكيبها ودرجات التشابه والتباين فيما بينها يدرس اللغة من كل جوانبها دراسة شاملة أما اللغوي فهو الشخص الذي يقوم بهذه الدراسة ظهرت اللسانيات الحديثة القرن 19م لكنها كعلم قديمة قدم الإنسان جاءت بفكرة رئيسة مع العالم فرديناند دو سوسور فمع علمنة الثورة الصناعية أراد أيضا كتابه محاضرات العامة فاللغة عنده تحمل هويات قيم الدين والمحيط والثقافة والفكر الفلسفي Linguistics scientific study language It involves analysing form, meaning, context earliest activities documentation description been attributed 6th century BC Indian grammarian Pāṇini who wrote Sanskrit his Aṣṭādhyāyī [5] Linguists traditionally analyse human by observing interplay between sound speech non sounds, delves into acoustic articulatory properties hand, deals how languages encode relations entities, properties, aspects world convey, process, assign manage resolve ambiguity While semantics typically concerns itself truth conditions, pragmatics situational influences production meaning