Understanding Language Series Series Editors: Bernard Comrie and Greville Corbett Understanding Morphology 2nd edition Martin Haspelmath Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Andrea D. Sims The Ohio State University Contents Preface to the second edition xi Preface to the first edition xiii Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is morphology? 1 1.2 Morphology in different languages 4 1.3 The goals of morphological research 6 1.4 A brief user’s guide to this book 9 Summary of Chapter 1 11 Further reading 11 Comprehension exercises 12 2 Basic concepts 14 2.1 Lexemes and word-forms 15 2.2 Affixes, bases and roots 19 2.3 Morphemes and allomorphs 22 Summary of Chapter 2 27 Appendix. Morpheme-by-morpheme glosses 27 Comprehension exercises 29 Exploratory exercise 30 3 Rules 33 3.1 Morphological patterns 34 3.1.1 Affixation and compounding 34 3.1.2 Base modification 35 3.1.3 Reduplication 38 3.1.4 Conversion 39 3.1.5 Outside the realm of morphology 40 viâ•… C O N T E N T S 3.2 Two approaches to morphological rules 40 3.2.1 The morpheme-based model 41 3.2.2 The word-based model 46 Summary of Chapter 3 54 Further reading 54 Comprehension exercises 55 Exploratory exercise 56 4 Lexicon 60 4.1 A morpheme lexicon? 61 4.2 A strict word-form lexicon? 66 4.3 Reconciling word-forms and morphemes 70 Summary of Chapter 4 75 Further reading 75 Comprehension exercises 76 Exploratory exercise 77 5 Inflection and derivation 81 5.1 Inflectional values 81 5.2 Derivational meanings 86 5.2.1 Derived nouns 87 5.2.2 Derived verbs 88 5.2.3 Derived adjectives 89 5.3 Properties of inflection and derivation 89 5.3.1 Relevance to the syntax 90 5.3.2 Obligatoriness 92 5.3.3 Limitations on application 93 5.3.4 Same concept as base 93 5.3.5 Abstractness 94 5.3.6 Meaning compositionality 94 5.3.7 Position relative to base 95 5.3.8 Base allomorphy 96 5.3.9 Word-class change 96 5.3.10 Cumulative expression 98 5.3.11 Iteration 98 5.4 Dichotomy or continuum? 98 5.4.1 Inherent and contextual inflection 100 5.5 Inflection, derivation and the syntax-morphology interface 102 5.5.1 The dichotomy approach and split morphology 102 5.5.2 The continuum approach and single-component architecture 105 Summary of Chapter 5 106 Appendix. Notation conventions for inflectional values 107