📘 ❞ exposure modeling and the ecological fallacy ❝ كتاب ــ Wakefield J., Shaddick G اصدار 2006

Biology Books - 📖 كتاب ❞ exposure modeling and the ecological fallacy ❝ ــ Wakefield J., Shaddick G 📖

█ _ Wakefield J , Shaddick G 2006 حصريا كتاب ❞ exposure modeling and the ecological fallacy ❝ 2025 fallacy: نبذه عن الكتاب: practice since regression estimates can be sensitive to particular spatial model used The may provide more appropriate standard errors than under an assumption of independent outcomes, however If there is evidence residual dependence, then we would recommend carrying out sensitivity analyses a range scenarios, including models that do not acknowledge dependence Model (3 2), with some modification, also allows computation for disease mapping of Kelsall (2002) carried without recourse approximation For related approach, see Follestad Rue (2003) A difficult yet crucial issue in any analysis uses spatially referenced data whether to model surface As aid making this decision, following procedure described Section 4 Specifically, one may fit monitor data, simulate new population location using fitted model; differences between known and estimated values examined, gain insight into strategy is likely successful study design will often inform need An interesting question determination which populations relation pollution monitors This choice represents classic mean–variance trade off; populations close have accurate assessment but are small size, while examining larger gives increase power results less One way increasing power dense monitoring network, where relative both variability in exposure distribution If relatively flat, only sparse network is required, case low due narrow contrasts In studies of acute effects air pollution, temporal provide greatest information, which suggests such study, worthwhile Biology Books مجاناً PDF اونلاين Biologically Biology natural science concerned life, its various forms function, how these organisms interact each other surrounding environment word biology Greek made up two words: bio (βίος) meaning life And loggia ( λογία) means or Biology: similarity vegetation animal cover on edges African American states, existence same fossil Branches biology Biology ancient thousands years old modern began nineteenth century has multiple branches Among them are: Anatomy Botany Biochemia Biogeography Biofisia Cytology cell science Ecology environmental science Development Embryology embryology Genetics genetics Histology histology Anthropology anthropology Microbiology bacteriology Molecular Biology Physiology functions organs Taxonemia taxonomy Virology virology Zoology zoology

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exposure modeling and the ecological fallacy

ــ Wakefield J., Shaddick G

صدر 2006م

كتاب

exposure modeling and the ecological fallacy

ــ Wakefield J., Shaddick G

صدر 2006م

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practice since regression estimates can be sensitive to the particular spatial model used. The model may
provide more appropriate standard errors than under an assumption of independent outcomes, however.
If there is evidence of residual spatial dependence, then we would recommend carrying out sensitivity
analyses under a range of scenarios, including models that do and do not acknowledge spatial dependence.
Model (3.2), with some modification, also allows computation for the disease-mapping model of
Kelsall and Wakefield (2002) to be carried out without recourse to approximation. For a related approach,
see Follestad and Rue (2003).
A difficult yet crucial issue in any analysis that uses spatially referenced exposure data is whether to
model the exposure surface. As an aid to making this decision, we would recommend following the procedure described in Section 4. Specifically, one may fit a model to the monitor exposure data, and simulate
new monitor and population location exposure data using the fitted model; the differences between known
and estimated values can then be examined, to gain insight into whether an exposure modeling strategy is
likely to be successful. The study design will often inform the need to model the exposure surface.
An interesting design question is the determination of which populations to study in relation to the location of the pollution monitors. This choice represents the classic mean–variance trade-off; populations
close to a monitor have accurate exposure assessment but are small in size, while examining larger populations gives an increase in power but results in less accurate exposure estimates. One way of increasing
power is to have a dense monitoring network, where dense is relative to both the spatial variability in
exposure and the population distribution. If the exposure surface is relatively flat, only a sparse network is
required, but in this case a spatial study will have low power due to narrow exposure contrasts. In studies
of the acute effects of air pollution, temporal contrasts provide the greatest exposure information, which
suggests that in such a study, modeling spatial variability in exposure will not be worthwhile.

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