█ _ Mary Ann Bjornsti and Neil Osheroff 1999 حصريا كتاب DNA Topoisomerase Protocols 2024 Protocols: نبذه عن الكتاب: The helical structure of duplex allows for the faithful duplication and transmission genetic information from one generation to next, at the same time maintaining integrity polynucleotide chains The complementary nature two antiparallel strands enables each serve as a template synthesis respective daughter intertwining these in further ensures the integrity helix by physically linking individual a structure stabilized hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions between the hydrophobic bases However, same features pose a number topological constraints that affect most processes involving DNA, such DNA replication, transcription, nucleosome assembly (reviewed [1–4]) During semiconservative replication, example, progressive unwinding template requires swivel alleviate overwinding ahead moving replication fork Of course, apparatus may simply follow path DNA template this soon leads second problem how to unlink interwound helices following completion This decatenation molecules is absolutely required case of circular genomes plasmids, which are physically linked circles Similar considerations apply process transcription, where movement transcription complex along may also produce local unwinding behind the DNA be viewed Biology Books مجاناً PDF اونلاين Biologically Biology natural science concerned with study life, its various forms function, organisms interact other surrounding environment word biology Greek made up words: bio (βίος) meaning life And loggia ( λογία) means or Biology: similarity vegetation animal cover on edges African American states, existence fossil Branches biology Biology an ancient thousands years old modern began nineteenth century has multiple branches Among them are: Anatomy Botany Biochemia Biogeography Biofisia Cytology cell science Ecology environmental science Development Embryology embryology Genetics genetics Histology histology Anthropology anthropology Microbiology bacteriology Molecular Biology Physiology functions organs Taxonemia taxonomy Virology virology Zoology zoology