█ _ Angelo Corti Pietro Ghezzi 2004 حصريا كتاب Tumor Necrosis Factor, Methods and Protocols 2024 Protocols: نبذه عن الكتاب: 1 History of TNF 1 1 The Era Soluble Mediators the Magic Bullets Against Cancer The 1970s 1980s were golden age cytokines, during which the biochemical nature several soluble mediators was clarified Cellular immunologists then identified macrophage derived that activate lymphocytes (lymphocyte activating factors, or LAFs), along with lymphocyte derived mediators macrophages (macrophage or MAFs) These molecules added to list defined as growth include hematopoietic factors (that now retain those names: G CSF, GM EPO), interferons (described antiviral in the late 1950s) One particularly active field research mediators that could kill tumor cells boost anticancer defenses Along this line, earlier studies focused on a cytotoxin termed lymphotoxin (LT), and led discovery serum factor capable inducing hemor 2 Cerami rhagic necrosis tumors vivo killing vitro This factor was (TNF) shown be mainly product, opposed LT In 1985 groups reported cloning human mouse TNF ability recombinant induce hemorrhagic mice It would not have been easy, 15 years ago, predict main clinical application characterization consist administration anti for the therapy rheumatoid arthritis Crohn’s disease fact, turned out key pathogenic mediator pleiotropic activities, its history and path, from immunity inflammation, very similar of interleukin (IL) fact inflammatory action of stemmed studies models sepsis also unexpected 1 2 From Cancer Immunity Endotoxic Shock Septic Shock Studies molecular basis cachexia associated the finding activated endotoxin used reproduce settings septic shock, release is cachectogenic inhibits ipogenesis cultured adipocytes We “cachectin,” then we purified it, we found it identical These earlier pointed out role for and inflammation, confirmed by trials rTNF in cancer patients showing toxicity phase I II first of neutralization endogenous cytokine lethal mediator (1) shock induced by live bacteria (2) at possible use TNF antibodies However, conducted so far indicated clear efficacy Indeed, after period great enthusiasm, was considered prototypic mediated disease, most big pharmaceutical companies became daunted complexity pathological condition, other diseases such cancer, trauma, burn injury Some attempts toward narrower definition component including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure (MOF), cytokines play an important In 1992 American College Chest Physicians Society Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference introduced term “systemic response syndrome” (SIRS) (3) Despite these difficulties, scientists working inflammation continued using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) means a systemic (to stick above definition) Biology Books مجاناً PDF اونلاين Biologically Biology natural science concerned study life, various forms function, how organisms interact each surrounding environment word biology Greek made up two words: bio (βίος) meaning life And loggia ( λογία) Biology: similarity vegetation animal cover edges African states, existence same fossil Branches biology Biology ancient thousands years old modern began nineteenth century has branches Among them are: Anatomy Botany Biochemia Biogeography Biofisia Cytology cell science Ecology environmental science Development Embryology embryology Genetics genetics Histology histology Anthropology anthropology Microbiology bacteriology Molecular Biology Physiology functions organs Taxonemia taxonomy Virology virology Zoology zoology