Th e recent surge in international energy prices, combined with incomplete passthrough to domestic prices, has prompted calls to phase out energy subsidies.1 International energy prices have increased sharply over the past three years, with the exception of natural gas (Figure 1.1). Yet many low- and middle- income economies have been reluctant to adjust their domestic energy prices to refl ect these increases. Th e resulting fi scal costs have been substantial and pose even greater fi scal risks for these countries if international prices continue to increase. In advanced economies, pass- through has been higher, but prices remain below the levels needed to fully capture the negative externalities of energy consumption on the environment, public health, and traffi c congestion. Th is volume has two principal purposes: fi rst, to review what works best in energy subsidy reform, in light of country experiences globally; and second, to illustrate successes and failures in par tic u lar country contexts by summarizing 22 case studies. A novel feature of the volume is that it presents the most comprehensive estimates of energy subsidies available, covering petroleum products, electricity, natural gas, and coal. A central objective of the study underlying this volume was to learn from past subsidy reform experiences, both successful and otherwise, in order to identify key design features that can facilitate reform going forward.