📘 ❞ A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism ❝ كتاب ــ كاتب غير معروف اصدار 2016

النقد الأدبي Literary criticism - 📖 ❞ كتاب A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism ❝ ــ كاتب غير معروف 📖

█ _ كاتب غير معروف 2016 حصريا كتاب A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism 2024 Criticism: Saeed Farzaneh Fard Department of Persian Language and Literature, Sarab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarab, Abstract The field literary criticism these days has tensions For some scholars, the sheer enjoyment reading books pleasures personal response can be ruined by We don’t like people who what we do Of course, or make us feel that love are somehow inferior And aren’t fond those seek bully into believing got out a favorite novel poem was “wrong” they know it “really means” Or may theories so obscure leave scratching our heads in bewilderment have stereotypes about kinds critics, including cartoon image teacher overanalyzes work pleasure is snuffed Keywords: Criticism, Theory, Approaches Traditional Critical Theories Applied Types 1 Introduction For centuries considered as an art writing poetry; advice poet rather than reader been applied since seventeenth century description, justification, analysis, judgments works arts modern times classified different ways M H Abrams Mirror Lamp talks four critical theories: When critic views terms universe imitated, he using mimetic theory emphasis shifted reader, its effect on audience, pragmatic dominant up end eighteenth But nineteenth poet, poetry became „a spontaneous overflow powerful feeling‟ In this case essentially internal made external Therefore, when artist, expressive 20th century, art, especially under influence New basically own terms, seeing self contained entity, objective النقد الأدبي مجاناً PDF اونلاين هذا القسم يحتوي علي كل ما يتعلق بالنقد النقد دراسة ونقاش وتقييم وتفسير الأدب يعتمد الحديث غالبا النظرية الأدبية وهي النقاش الفلسفي لطرق وأهدافه ورغم العلاقة بينهما فإن النقاد الأدبيين ليسوا دوما منظرين هو فن تفسير الأعمال وهو محاولة منضبطة يشترك فيها ذوق الناقد وفكره للكشف عن مواطن الجمال أو القبح والأدب سابق للنقد الظهور ولولا وجود لما كان هناك نقد أدبي لأن قواعده مستقاة ومستنتجة من إن ينظر النصوص الأد بية شعرية كانت نثرية ثم يأخذ الكشف والقبح معللاً مايقولة ومحاولاً أن يثير نفوسنا شعور بأن يقوله صحيح وأقصى يطمح إليه لأنه لن يستطيع أبداً يقدم لنا برهاناً علميا يقيناً ولذا لا يوجد عندنا صائب وآخر خاطئ وإنما أكثر قدرة تأويل العمل الفني وتفسيره غيره واختلاف مناهج معناه اختلاف وجهات النظر والذوق هو المرجع الأول الحكم والفنون أقرب الموازين والمقاييس إلى طبيعتها ولكن الذوق الجدير بالاعتبار المصقول لذوق الذي يكبح جماح هواه الخاص قد يجافي الصواب الخبير بالأدب راضه ومارسه وتخصص فهمه ودرس أساليب الأدباء ومنح القدرة فهم أسرارهم والنفوذ دخائلهم وادراك مشاعرهم وسبر عواطفهم بفهمه العميق وحسه المرهف وكثرة تجاربه لذلك لابد يتمتع الناقدبعدة صفات منها: قدر وافر المعرفة والثقافة البصر الثاقب يكون خير معين له إصدار الصائب فالأدب ونقده وفن قبل معرفة وعلما وان تعين صاحب الحس السليم والطبع Literary (or studies) study, evaluation, interpretation literature Modern often influenced theory, which philosophical discussion literature's goals methods Though two activities closely related, critics not always, always been, theorists Whether should separate inquiry from conversely book reviewing, matter controversy example, Johns Hopkins Guide Theory

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A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism
كتاب

A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism

ــ كاتب غير معروف

صدر 2016م
A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism
كتاب

A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism

ــ كاتب غير معروف

صدر 2016م
عن كتاب A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism:
A Short Introduction to Literary Criticism Saeed Farzaneh Fard Department of Persian Language and Literature, Sarab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarab,


Abstract The field of literary criticism these days has tensions. For some scholars, the sheer enjoyment of reading books and the pleasures of personal response to books can be ruined by literary criticism. We don’t like people who don’t like what we do. Of course, or who make us feel that the books we love are somehow inferior. And we aren’t fond of those who seek to bully us into believing that what we got out of a favorite novel or poem was somehow “wrong” and that they know what it “really means”. Or we may feel some literary theories are so obscure they leave us scratching our heads in bewilderment. We have some stereotypes about these kinds of literary critics, including the cartoon image of the teacher who so overanalyzes a work that our pleasure is snuffed out. Keywords: Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Approaches to Literature, Traditional Critical Theories and Applied Criticism, Types of Literary Criticism.


1. Introduction
For centuries literary criticism was considered as an art of writing poetry; it was an advice to the poet rather than the reader. Literary criticism has been applied since the seventeenth century to the description, justification, analysis, or judgments of works arts. Criticism in modern times is classified in different ways. M.H. Abrams in The Mirror and the Lamp talks about four different critical theories: When the critic views art in terms of the universe or what is imitated, he is using the mimetic theory. When the emphasis is shifted to the reader, and the critic views art in terms of its effect on the audience, he is using a pragmatic theory that was dominant up to the end of the eighteenth century. But in the nineteenth century the emphasis shifted to the poet, and poetry became „a spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling‟ of the poet. In this case a work of art is essentially the internal made external. Therefore, when a critic views art in terms of the artist, he is using the expressive theory. In the 20th century, the emphasis shifted to the work of art, especially under the influence of the New Criticism. When the critic views art basically in its own terms, seeing the work as a self-contained entity, he is using the objective theory.




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