📘 ❞ Environmental Chemistry ❝ كتاب ــ Wright J. اصدار 2003
Biology Books - 📖 ❞ كتاب Environmental Chemistry ❝ ــ Wright J. 📖
█ _ Wright J 2003 حصريا كتاب Environmental Chemistry 2024 Chemistry: نبذه عن الكتاب: York Minster is over 500 years old and requires very expensive maintenance to ensure its existence for future generations It composed of a wide variety materials, which have been subjected erosion The external fabric stone has eroded both by natural weathering by chemicals put into the atmosphere man’s actions (Figure 1 1) Winning battle between its environment lies not only in reducing atmospheric pollution but also in replacement damaged This replacement simple matter because, although there fresh abundance, the continual can undermine integrity building causing the structure become unstable At York stonemasons try, as far possible, to incorporate all any repair work because danger that if too much replaced could be serious loss authenticity (Brimblecombe and Bowler 1990) What then have caused stone? The pollutants sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) ozone (O3) are believed main culprits Although suffered from anthropogenic effects, no method which these effects readily separated other contributions such poor construction techniques, wrongly chosen natural weathering biological attack rate destruction significantly increased during heavy rainfall vast quantities water containing percolate through the carrying away reaction products run off (Baer Snethlage 1997) The are mainly salts formed negatively charged anions (e g SO4 2) pollutant gases or acids, with positively charged cations in Ca2) Biology Books مجاناً PDF اونلاين Biologically Biology natural science concerned study life, various forms function, how organisms interact each other surrounding word biology Greek made up two words: bio (βίος) meaning life And loggia ( λογία) means Biology: similarity vegetation animal cover on edges African American states, same fossil Branches biology Biology an ancient thousands modern began nineteenth century This multiple branches Among them are: Anatomy Botany Biochemia Biogeography Biofisia Cytology cell science Ecology environmental science Development Embryology embryology Genetics genetics Histology histology Anthropology anthropology Microbiology bacteriology Molecular Biology Physiology functions organs Taxonemia taxonomy Virology virology Zoology zoology
كتاب
Environmental Chemistry
ــ Wright J.
صدر 2003م
كتاب
Environmental Chemistry
ــ Wright J.
صدر 2003منبذه عن الكتاب:
York Minster is over 500 years old and requires very expensive maintenance to ensure
its existence for future generations. It is composed of a wide variety of materials, which
have been subjected to erosion. The external fabric of stone has been eroded both by
natural weathering and by chemicals put into the atmosphere by man’s actions (Figure
1.1). Winning the battle between the Minster and its environment lies not only in
reducing atmospheric pollution but also in the replacement of damaged stone. This
replacement is not a simple matter because, although there is fresh stone in abundance,
the continual replacement of stone can undermine the integrity of a building by causing
the structure to become unstable. At York Minster the stonemasons try, as far as possible,
to incorporate all old stone into any repair work because there is the danger that if too
much fabric is replaced there could be a serious loss of authenticity (Brimblecombe and
Bowler 1990).
What chemicals then have caused the erosion of the stone?
The pollutants sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3) are
believed to be the main culprits. Although York Minster has suffered from anthropogenic
effects, there is no method by which these effects can be readily separated from other
contributions such as poor construction techniques, wrongly chosen materials, natural
weathering and biological attack. The rate of destruction can be significantly increased
during heavy rainfall if vast quantities of water containing pollutants percolate through
the stone carrying away any reaction products in the run off (Baer and Snethlage 1997).
The reaction products are mainly salts which are formed by the reaction of negatively
charged anions (e.g. SO4
2) from pollutant gases or acids, with positively charged cations
in the stone (e.g. Ca2).
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