█ _ Vittorio Sgaramella Sandro Eridani 2004 حصريا كتاب Mammalian Artificial Chromosomes_ Methods and Protocols 2024 Protocols: نبذه عن الكتاب: From Natural to Chromosomes An Overview Vittorio Sgaramella Sandro Eridani 1 Introduction The rationale for building artificial chromosomes (ACs) has been critically reviewed by various authors at different stages of this line of investigation, initiated in the early 1980s Two major goals have been generally stressed: first, possibility a better understanding structure functions natural chromosomes; second, challenges presented their use as large capacity gene vectors DNA cloning, view genetic improvement (in animals commercial relevance) hopefully of disease correction humans): review, see Willard (1) The main features an efficient mammalian AC (MAC) are vectorial up few megabases; (2) manageable size for their vitro manipulation; (3) correct intracellular location and copy number; (4) no untoward effect on host cell; (5) the ability express transgene (or transchromosome) physiological way Biology Books مجاناً PDF اونلاين Biologically Biology is science that concerned with study life, its forms function, how these organisms interact each other surrounding environment The word biology Greek made two words: bio (βίος) meaning life And loggia ( λογία) means or Biology: similarity vegetation animal cover edges African American states, existence same fossil Branches biology Biology ancient thousands years old modern began nineteenth century This multiple branches Among them are: Anatomy Botany Biochemia Biogeography Biofisia Cytology cell science Ecology environmental science Development Embryology embryology Genetics genetics Histology histology Anthropology anthropology Microbiology bacteriology Molecular Biology Physiology organs Taxonemia taxonomy Virology virology Zoology zoology